This effect was shown for both macroscopic MEG and ECoG (~8 cm range) measurements ( Alexander et al., 2019 ). The ability of TWs to predict future local activity shows that the long-range spatio-temporal correlations inherent in the structure of low SF activity are functionally significant. Future research could extend this approach using high temporal resolution sEEG to detect individual spikes and to characterize large-scale phase dynamics and to predict the former from the latter. More generally, most functionally related results concerning large-scale TWs have been obtained using extracranial methods ( Ito et al., 2005 ; Klimesch et al., 2007 ; Massimini et al., 2004 ; Sauseng et al., 2002 ; King and Wyart, 2021 ). The reported linkage between late event-related potentials and TWs ( Alexander et al., 2006 ; Alexander et al., 2013 ; Alexander et al., 2008 ; Alexander et al., 2009 ) means the body of research into late event-related potentials can guide experimental verification of the functional significance of macroscopic TWs at the single trial level.

Secondly, the tracking error of the motor current is significant under adverse conditions. Finally, the control parameters should be tuned adaptively to improve system performance across different operating conditions. These issues are expected to be addressed in future work.

This article provides an overview of AI-driven early detection approaches based on various motor symptoms of PD, including eye movement, facial expression, speech, handwriting, finger tapping, and gait. Specifically, we summarized the characteristic manifestations of these motor symptoms, analyzed the features of the data currently collected for AI-assisted diagnosis, collected the publicly available datasets, evaluated the performance of existing diagnostic models, and discussed their limitations. By scrutinizing the existing research methodologies, this review summarizes the application progress of motor symptom-based AI technology in the early detection of PD, explores the key challenges from experimental techniques to clinical translation applications, and proposes future research directions to promote the clinical practice of AI technology in PD diagnosis.

Although loop suppression weakens the direct-detection reach, it is precisely this suppression that enables an important shift in perspective: if dark matter couples predominantly to third-generation fermions, then the scale of new physics can naturally lie in the few TeV region. This stands in contrast to scenarios where dark matter couples directly to light quarks, which are subject to stringent bounds pushing the new physics scale up to  TeV. Thus, the assumption of DM coupled mainly to the third-generation provides a viable path to lower-scale new physics, within reach of current and future experiments. Most importantly, this hypothesis, which is theoretically well motivated, leaves open the possibility of a connection between the DM problem and the electroweak hierarchy problem, as in the original spirit of the WIMP paradigm. From the relic-abundance perspective, we have shown that imposing the observed relic abundance from thermal freeze-out, within the EFT approach, leads to strong restrictions of the allowed parameter space.

To produce the axion-dilaton screening screening mechanism as simply as possibly while automatically being consistent with astrophysical constraints it is sufficient to restrict the axion coupling to electrons, which is what we consider in this paper. More work is required to consider additional couplings, in particular with simulations with a non trivial profile. However, this is beyond the scope of the current paper. Here f is the growth factor and is the variance of the mass fluctuations within a sphere of radius Mpc. We denote dimensionless fields with tilde’s, as in , reserving for the dimensionful version.

If such a model could be built, some of the features of the model presented here such as the existence of early dark energy would remain. On the other hand, features such as a decrease in structure growth would depend on the dilaton potential which could for instance be taken of the thawing type instead of the frozen kind. Again, this is left for future work. The key constraint on the size of early dark energy fractions shown in Sect. 6 is not a physical constraint but calculational issue that limits us to only considering small axion-matter coupling potentials, . [...] Finally although the choices made for the functional forms of potentials and couplings are inspired by string constructions,19 we have not attempted to embed our model into a UV completion from first principles, such as from an extra-dimensional or string point of view. Of course this would be a step forward towards a better physical understanding of dark energy and its sensitivity to ultra-violet physics, and from this point of view its natural roots as the low-energy limit of models with supersymmetric large extra dimensions is suggestive, given the progress such models allow on understanding the UV side of the cosmological constant problem (see for a brief review). Much here is also left for future work. A The phase of the axion field Let us come back to the axion field and its variation in the presence of perturbations. At the background level we haveThis implies that at leading order we can writeup to an irrelevant constant .

This follows from the fact that the coupling to matter displaces the dilaton field from the vicinity of the minimum of its potential, in the process increasing the Hubble rate during structure formation and therefore the friction term in the growth equation. This is a background effect which counterbalances the natural tendency of scalar-tensor models to increase the growth by the presence of an attractive scalar interaction between CDM particles, as observed in e.g.. This also could have interesting phenomenological consequences (though we here leave these for future work). We do not here try to match the hints for a time-dependent equation of state and its time drift described by the DESI collaboration, though we do observe that the dilaton-DM interactions these models have can easily appear to give a ‘phantom’ equation of state parameter, , if its dynamics are interpreted as being due to vanilla Dark Matter plus a single-field quintessence model.18 Trying to obtain the parameters and would require modifications to the dilaton potential without tampering with the axio-dilaton screening mechanism. If such a model could be built, some of the features of the model presented here such as the existence of early dark energy would remain. [...] If such a model could be built, some of the features of the model presented here such as the existence of early dark energy would remain. On the other hand, features such as a decrease in structure growth would depend on the dilaton potential which could for instance be taken of the thawing type instead of the frozen kind. Again, this is left for future work. The key constraint on the size of early dark energy fractions shown in Sect. 6 is not a physical constraint but calculational issue that limits us to only considering small axion-matter coupling potentials, . [...] Finally although the choices made for the functional forms of potentials and couplings are inspired by string constructions,19 we have not attempted to embed our model into a UV completion from first principles, such as from an extra-dimensional or string point of view. Of course this would be a step forward towards a better physical understanding of dark energy and its sensitivity to ultra-violet physics, and from this point of view its natural roots as the low-energy limit of models with supersymmetric large extra dimensions is suggestive, given the progress such models allow on understanding the UV side of the cosmological constant problem (see for a brief review). Much here is also left for future work. A The phase of the axion field Let us come back to the axion field and its variation in the presence of perturbations. At the background level we haveThis implies that at leading order we can writeup to an irrelevant constant .

deg. in the redshift range of , targeted from HSC spectroscopy. In the South, 4MOST,12 on the VISTA telescope at the European Southern Observatory’s Paranal site, will complement the effort of DESI by carrying out several spectroscopic surveys which will allow us to tackle some of the open questions in this area. While the Cosmology Redshift Survey (Richard et al.) can be expected to yield similar targets as those of DESI, WAVES (Driver et al.) will be unique in seeking high-completeness over relatively modest volumes. WAVES-Wide (1200 sq. [...] There, we argued that intrinsic alignments are sensitive to cosmology even on linear scales and they can potentially constrain models out of the reach for two-point clustering statistics. Some works have already provided cosmological constraints from galaxy alignments which could be improved by the use of a multi-tracer strategy. But how to optimally split samples or perform shape measurements to enable the multi-tracer technique is an open question. Beyond two-point statistics offer an avenue to extract more information from galaxy shapes, whether from intrinsic alignments or weak lensing effects. How much more information can be extracted compared to the two-point case remains to be properly quantified.

The manufacturing section covers various methods such as masked lithography, maskless lithography, and additive manufacturing, and further discussed in detail about their applicable scenarios and limitations. In terms of application, metalenses can be used in non-imaging optics to shape the beam, enhance illumination efficiency and energy conversion efficiency; while in imaging optics, they have significant applications in fields such as lithography, astronomical observation, microscopes, and endoscopes. We also emphasized the issues that metalenses need to overcome in commercial applications, such as environmental adaptability, design and evaluation methods, and proposed future research directions, including the development of new design methods and the integration with artificial intelligence technology. Overall, metalenses, with their unique optical control capabilities and compatibility with semiconductor manufacturing, are expected to become a key factor driving the development of the next generation of optical systems.

Specifically, the existing manufacturing methods for micro-nano structures have relatively low output in mass production. The currently recognized high-throughput manufacturing method for metalenses is through NIL technique. Further research is needed on the abrasion of nanostructures of the master plate and the removal of residual polymers after each imprint, and also how to work with existing die stamping equipment for standardized production. Secondly, the errors occur during etching. Although photolithography technique theoretically offers high resolution, due to subsequent manufacturing processes, some minor secondary structures fail to form, which leads to a decline in work efficiency.

Conclusions These findings highlight the critical role of perceived usefulness, specifically relevance to parenting needs and the perceived quality of technology, in shaping parental intentions to use digital parent-child sexual communication tools. Developers of educational digital technologies should therefore prioritize high-quality design features to inspire usage. Future research should evaluate real-world digital tools to assess actual usage, long-term engagement, and their effectiveness in enhancing parent-child sexual communication.

From a theoretical perspective, our findings add to a growing body of evidence that suggests that perceived ease of use—a previously core tenet of the TAM—plays a diminishing role in technology adoptions as digital literacy becomes ubiquitous among younger generations. This shift calls for a re-evaluation of traditional TAM constructs when applied to “digital native” groups who feel comfortable with trialing new technologies. Future studies should investigate whether this trend persists across different cultural and technological settings. From a practical standpoint, the overarching importance of perceived usefulness to parents’ intention to engage in parent-child sexual communication apps should be central to any future app development. We identified that parents who perceive sexuality education as relevant and important were more likely to be motivated to use an app to assist and guide their parent-child sexual communication.

Our findings directly inform this, as they highlight which sociodemographic groups may be less likely to adopt the technology and why. Tailored information campaigns may then be developed to build trust and highlight the apps’ utility for these groups, as well as explain the benefits of comprehensive sexuality education. For example, our identification of education level as significantly associated with perceived relevance to parenting should be useful to future researchers in this area. Care should be taken to engage parents with lower levels of educational attainment to emphasize the importance of parent-child sexual communication on their children’s development. It is, however, noteworthy that this reduction in perceived relevance to parenting did not affect parents’ overall intention to use the technology. [...] We identified that relevance to parenting and quality of technology were the critical determinants of parental intention to use hypothetical sexuality education apps. Our findings contribute to the theoretical advancement of the TAM in the context of parent-child sexual communication and provide actionable recommendations for app developers, researchers, and educators. Future research should involve real-world evaluations of intergenerational sexuality education apps to further refine our understanding and improve communication tools available for parents and their children. This is with the overall aim of ensuring parents can engage in high-quality, unprejudicial, and open communication with their children on sexual health topics. Authors' Contributions: TRH and JT conceived of the project concept.

However, this demographic composition aligns with region-specific census data in the United Kingdom, which is the only region studied here with detailed census records available. Nevertheless, it would be important to survey parents and children from backgrounds underrepresented here, who may have different attitudes toward digital parent-child sexual communication tools. Future work should therefore use inclusive recruitment strategies to capture the parental attitudes among minority groups, such as community partnerships and targeted oversampling of underrepresented groups. Qualitative approaches such as focus groups or in-depth interviews may also provide richer insights from parents underrepresented in online survey panels. Second, the hypothetical nature of the app may have constrained participants’ engagement with the survey items. [...] This was to avoid an excessively long and tiring survey, which may have reduced respondent attention and answer quality. Yet while reliability was high, the reduced breadth of our measure may have limited its sensitivity and contributed to the lack of significant associations observed. Future work may therefore expand on our measurement to assess whether these influence parental intent. Furthermore, we modified perceived usefulness to a second-order latent construct comprising quality of technology and relevance to parenting. While this approach was empirically justified, it deviated from the traditional TAM framework. [...] From a practical standpoint, the overarching importance of perceived usefulness to parents’ intention to engage in parent-child sexual communication apps should be central to any future app development. We identified that parents who perceive sexuality education as relevant and important were more likely to be motivated to use an app to assist and guide their parent-child sexual communication. Future work should consider how to encourage and inspire less motivated parents to engage in parent-child sexual communication. Our findings directly inform this, as they highlight which sociodemographic groups may be less likely to adopt the technology and why. Tailored information campaigns may then be developed to build trust and highlight the apps’ utility for these groups, as well as explain the benefits of comprehensive sexuality education. [...] Engaging parents through qualitative work in the design process may yield further insights into their preferences and priorities, ensuring that the most desirable app features are incorporated. Additionally, the recent advent of large language models and artificial intelligence technologies offers promising avenues to enhance content customization to the learning needs of the parent-child dyad with the aim to maximize user interaction. Future work may also explore the role of cost-sharing models, such as government subsidies or collaborations between schools, to make development of high-quality parent-child sexual communication tools feasible and the apps freely accessible to families. When a suitable app prototype has been developed, longitudinal studies will be needed to assess how parental engagement evolves as they interact with a parent-child sexual communication app over time. Understanding these dynamics could inform strategies to sustain long-term adoption and maximize the app’s effectiveness.

Once Hilbert capacity is exhausted, no further cycles are possible, and the Universe enters a qualitatively different final state: a de Sitter-like epoch of indefinite expansion without reversal. Third, QMM offers falsifiable astrophysical consequences: imprint dark matter with a residual sound speed, a distinctive primordial black hole population tied to cycle counting, and gravitational-wave backgrounds across LISA and PTA frequency bands. Several open questions remain. These pertain to the role of residual imprint sound speed on non-linear structure formation, the competition between primordial black hole merger backreaction and ekpyrotic fragmentation, and the precise ultraviolet cutoff in the imprint spectrum. Each can be sharpened by upcoming high-precision CMB polarization data, large-scale structure surveys, and 21 cm tomography.

Understanding the interactions between nucleons in dense matter is an important challenge in theoretical physics. Effective field theories have emerged as the dominant approach to address this problem at low energies, with many successful applications to the structure of nuclei and the properties of dense nucleonic matter. However, how far into the interior of neutron stars these interactions can describe dense matter is an open question. Here, we develop a framework that enables the inference of three-nucleon couplings in dense matter directly from astrophysical neutron star observations. We apply this formalism to the LIGO/Virgo gravitational-wave event GW170817 and the X-ray measurements from NASA’s Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer and establish direct constraints for the couplings that govern three-nucleon interactions in chiral effective field theory.

Based on the excitation of the CCA, the microvibration response of the SC can be calculated, achieving the dynamic decoupling analysis of the complex coupled system. Decoupling analysis indicates that in the frequency range of 8–300 Hz, the RMS values of the microvibration force and torque of the SC are 0.25 N and 0.08 N·m, respectively, meeting the requirements of the SC (≤0.4 N and ≤0.1 N·m). Future work can be extended in several directions to enhance the practical application and generalization ability of the proposed method. First, the methodology can be adapted to other types of space payloads with diverse structural characteristics (e.g., flexible attachments, multi-source excitation, or irregular interface distributions), expanding its engineering application scope to satellite antennas, precision spectrometers, and other high-precision space instruments. Second, integrating machine learning algorithms (such as neural networks or Gaussian process regression) into the finite element method (FEM) iterative correction process may improve the accuracy and efficiency of the model, especially for complex coupled systems with high-dimensional parameters.

While adaptive space-filling curve trajectories improve 1D ordering of 3D MRI datasets, the comparative performance of Morton Z-order versus Hilbert curves for preserving spatial neighborhood in voxel-based mental state classification has not been systematically evaluated; Morton-order linearization may offer computational efficiency advantages that remain uninvestigated for clinical neuroimaging workflows.

Actuarial recidivism risk tools assess individuals across dozens of independent 1D dimensions; current implementations index these scores sequentially, precluding efficient multidimensional similarity search. Morton encoding of composite risk profiles via bit-interleaving would preserve conceptual neighborhood proximity, enabling rapid case-based reasoning across large offender databases — an approach not yet investigated in the criminal justice data science literature.

Actuarial recidivism risk tools such as COMPAS assess individuals across dozens of independent 1D dimensions; current implementations index these scores sequentially, precluding efficient multidimensional similarity search. Morton encoding of composite risk profiles via bit-interleaving would preserve conceptual neighborhood proximity, enabling rapid case-based reasoning across large offender databases without high-dimensional distance calculations — an approach not yet investigated in the criminal justice data science literature.